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LINKS

NSW REGULATIONS

Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 No 156
Protection of the Environment Operations (Clean Air) Regulation 2010
Protection of the Environment Operations (Waste) Regulation 2014
Protection of the Environment Operations (General) Regulation 2009
Protection of the Environment Operations (General) Amendment (Thermal Energy from Waste) Regulation 2022
Protection of the Environment Operations (General) Regulation 2022
State Environmental Planning Policy (Precincts—Regional) 2021 - Historical
Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery Act 2001

NSW EPA FRAMEwork INFORMATION

NSW EPA, 2021, NSW Energy from Waste Policy Statement
Guide to the NSW Energy from Waste framework (2021)
March 2021 - NSW Energy from Waste Draft policy statement for public consultation
June 2021 - Consultation Report: Proposed changes to the NSW Energy from Waste Policy Statement
Refocusing energy from waste projects from Sydney to key NSW regions
Energy Recovery Facilites
Energy from Waste Infrastructure Plan
Waste and Sustainable Materials Strategy
Eligible Waste Fuels Guidelines

ACT BAN

ACT Government - ACT Waste-to-Energy Policy 2020-25
ACT Government - Waste-to-energy in the act - consultation report
ACT set to ban waste incineration for energy, citing community concerns

CONVENTIONS

Stockholm Convention
Australia Government - Stockholm Convention
Rotterdam Convention
Australian Government - Rotterdam Convention
Basil Convention
Australian Government - Basil Convention

Australian Government policy

Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water - Australia’s Circular Economy Framework 2024

CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Australian Government Productivity Commission - Opportunities in the circular economy
CSIRO - Australia’s linear ‘take-make-dispose’ economy is unsustainable
CSIRO Research - Australia’s circular economy comparative and competitive advantages
Ellen MacArthur Foundation
Ellen Macarthur Foundation - What is circular economy
Ellen Macarthur Foundation - What is linear economy
European Commission – Circular Economy Action Plan (2020)
NSW Circular Economy Policy Statement Too Good To Waste
OECD (2022) – Global Plastics Outlook
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) – Global Waste Management Outlook
United Nations - What is a circular economy and why does it matter?
Zero Waste Europe – Sustainable Finance for a Zero Waste Circular Economy
Zero Waste Europe - Waste-to-Energy is not Sustainable Business, the EU says

PARKES SPECIAL ACTIVATION PRECINCT

June 2019 - Parkes Special Activation Precinct Infrastructure and Transport Evaluation Report NSW Department of Planning and Environment Reference: 505110 Revision: 4 2019-06-03
June 2019 - Parkes Special Activation Precinct Draft Structure Plan
July 2019 - Department of Planning, Industry and Environment Environmentally Sustainable Development (ESD) Plan Special Activation Precinct, Parkes
July 2019 - Department of Planning, Industry and Environment Master Plan - Air Quality and Odour Assessment - Parkes Special Activation Precinct
July 2019 - Department of Planning, Industry and Environment - Community and Social Infrastructure Assessment - Parkes Special Activation Precinct
July 2019 - Department of Planning, Industry and Environment - Parkes Special Activation Precinct - Environmental, Heritage and Sustainability Summary Report
Sept 2019 - SAP DRAFT Master Plan
Sept 2019 - State Environment Planning Policy Activation Precincts Explanation of Intended Effects
June 2020 - State Environmental Planning Policy (Activation Precincts) 2020 Explanation of Intended Effect Consultation Report
June 2020 - SAP Master Plan Consultation Report 2020
June 2020 - Parkes Special Activation Precinct Master Plan
June 2020 - s3.22 expedited amendment to exclude the Parkes Activation Precinct from the Parkes LEP 2012
June 2020 - State Environmental Planning Policy (Activation Precincts) 2020 under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 Published LW 12 June 2020 (2020 No 266)
March 2022 - Parkes Special Activation Precinct Final Business Case Evaluation Summary
SAP Media Releases
Infrastructure Pipeline - Parkes Materials Recovery and Energy from Waste Facility
Planning Portal - Parkes Special Activation Precinct Master Plan
94A Contributions Plan - Parkes Special Activation Precinct
RGDC Parkes Special Activation Precinct Delivery Plan (STAGE 1)
March 2025 - Parkes Energy Recovery to Create Opportunities - Parkes Shire Council Community News Announcement
D Squared Consulting - Parkes Special Activation Precinct
Lachlan Region Economic Development Strategy 2017-2020
Mid-Lachlan Regional Economic Development Strategy – 2023 Update
UNIDO and the Stockholm Convention

Emissions

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2024, ‘Toxicological Profile for Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins’, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Arkenbout et. al, 2018 Emission regimes of POPs of a Dutch incinerator: regulated, measured and hidden issues, Organohalogen Compounds, Vol. 80, 413-416
Arkenbout & Bouman, 2024, Biomonitoring research on persistent organic pollutants in the environment of the REC Waste Incinerator, ToxicoWatch Foundation
Arkenbout & Bouman, 2025, TW Biomonitoring research on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the surrounding environment of the waste incinerator IPXIII Ivry-sur-Seine, Paris 2025: Interim Report, ToxicoWatch Foundation
Ballinger, A., Shanks, W., Hogg, D., Sherrington, C., & Duffield, L. (2020). Greenhouse gas and air quality impacts of incineration and landfill. Eunomia Research & Consulting Ltd.
Environment Australia, 1999, ‘Incineration and dioxins: Review of formation processes’, consultancy report prepared by Environmental and Safety Services for Environment Australia, Commonwealth Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra.
Domingo, J.L., & Nadal, M. (2013). Human exposure to dioxins and furans from municipal waste incinerators: A review of the scientific literature. Science of the Total Environment, 407(14), 3381–3390
Hens, L., et al. (2022). Risk assessment of soil contamination by dioxins: Transfer to free-range chickens and eggs. Environmental Advances, 8, 100189.
High levels of dioxins found in chicken eggs sampled near waste incinerators and metallurgical plant in China
National Toxics Network - 10 Reasons why burning waste for energy is a bad idea
Neuwahl et al., 2019, Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Waste Incineration, Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control), JRC Science for Policy Report
Petrlik et. al, 2022, Monitoring dioxins and PCBs in eggs as sensitive indicators for environmental pollution and global contaminated sites and recommendations for reducing and controlling releases and exposure, Emergency Contaminants, Vol 8, 254-279
Relationship between distance of schools from the nearest municipal waste incineration plant and child health in Japan
RIVM, 15 April 2025, RVIM advises to stop eating private eggs, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (the Netherlands), Accessed online 21 April 2025, translated from Dutch.
Smith, 21 November 2023, Millions in France warned not to eat eggs from backyard chickens due to forever chemical pollution
Tait et. al, 2019, The health impacts of waste incineration: a systematic review, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, Vol. 44, 40-48
The Senate - Select Committee on PFAS (per and polyfluoroalkyl substances)
World Health Organization, 2023, ‘Dioxins’ Fact Sheet, accessed 10 April 2024, < https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dioxins-and-their-effects-on-human-health
Zero Waste Australia - Incineration and air toxics

BIOMONITORING DATA

ToxicoWatch (TW) research uses a broad scale of sampling material, like backyard chicken eggs, vegetation (pine needles, tree leaves, mosses), fruit & vegetables, human mother milk, water, soil, and sediments as biomarkers. ToxicoWatch is an independent organization, with the basic scientific rules of sampling, analyzing, and reporting. Besides chemical analyses, innovative bioassays are applied to determine an increasing number of toxic substances in our environment. Dioxin emissions of waste incineration are followed in TW-Research of studies on minute data with semi-continuous measurements to understand the impact of “Other Than Normal Operation Conditions”, better known as OTNOC, in waste incineration.
ToxicoWatch Biomonitoring projects

Eastern Creek Energy-from-waste decision

NSW Independant Planning Commission - Eastern Creek Energy from Waste Facility
NSW Independant Planning Commission - Statement of Reasons
Eastern Creek Energy from Waste Facility Assessment

CONTACT US

info@parkescleanfuture.org
Parkes Clean Future Alliance respectfully acknowledges Traditional Owners of Country throughout Australia and recognises the continuing connection to lands, waters and communities. We pay our respect to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures; and to Elders past and present.
© 2025 Parkes Clean Future Alliance Inc. All rights reserved.

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